1 Novice * rigid adherence to rules * no discretional judgment 2 Advanced beginner * situational perception still limited * all aspects of work are treated separately and given equal importance 3 Competent * coping with crowdedness (multiple activity, information) * now partially sees action as part of longer term goals * conscious, deliberate planning 4 Proficient * holistic view of situation, rather than in terms of aspects * sees what is most important in a situation * uses maxims for guidance, meaning of maxims may vary according to situation 5 Expert * no longer reliant on rules, guidelines, maxims * intuitive grasp of situation, based on tacit knowledge * vision of what is possible - xero